Traduction et analyse de mots par intelligence artificielle ChatGPT
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nuclear test - traduction vers arabe
![Storax Sedan]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Storax Sedan nuke.jpg?width=200 "Storax Sedan]]")
![[[Sedan Crater]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sedan Plowshare Crater.jpg?width=200 "[[Sedan Crater]]")
![Anti-nuclear weapons]] protest march in Oxford, 1980](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Anti-nuclear weapons protest, UK 1980.JPG?width=200 "Anti-nuclear weapons]] protest march in Oxford, 1980")
![commercial launch]] of the Russian [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] R-36 [[ICBM]]; also known by the NATO reporting name: [[SS-18 Satan]]. Upon its first fielding in the late 1960s, the SS-18 remains the single highest [[throw weight]] missile delivery system ever built.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dnepr rocket lift-off 1.jpg?width=200 "commercial launch]] of the Russian [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] R-36 [[ICBM]]; also known by the NATO reporting name: [[SS-18 Satan]]. Upon its first fielding in the late 1960s, the SS-18 remains the single highest [[throw weight]] missile delivery system ever built.")
![[[Edward Teller]], often referred to as the "father of the hydrogen bomb"](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Edward Teller (1958)-LLNL.jpg?width=200 "[[Edward Teller]], often referred to as the \"father of the hydrogen bomb\"")
![Demonstration against nuclear testing in [[Lyon]], France, in the 1980s.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Essais nucleaires manif.jpg?width=200 "Demonstration against nuclear testing in [[Lyon]], France, in the 1980s.")
![Nagasaki]], Japan. They were large and could only be delivered by [[heavy bomber]] aircraft](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fat man.jpg?width=200 "Nagasaki]], Japan. They were large and could only be delivered by [[heavy bomber]] aircraft")
![fission]] weapon designs](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fission bomb assembly methods.svg?width=200 "fission]] weapon designs")
![The [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] was created in 1957 to encourage peaceful development of nuclear technology while providing international safeguards against nuclear proliferation.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Flag of IAEA.svg?width=200 "The [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] was created in 1957 to encourage peaceful development of nuclear technology while providing international safeguards against nuclear proliferation.")
![[[Robert Oppenheimer]], principal leader of the [[Manhattan Project]], often referred to as the "father of the atomic bomb".](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg?width=200 "[[Robert Oppenheimer]], principal leader of the [[Manhattan Project]], often referred to as the \"father of the atomic bomb\".")
![Protest in Bonn against the [[nuclear arms race]] between the U.S./NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 1981](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Massale vredesdemonstratie in Bonn tegen de modernisering van kernwapens in West, Bestanddeelnr 253-8611.jpg?width=200 "Protest in Bonn against the [[nuclear arms race]] between the U.S./NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 1981")
![This view of downtown [[Las Vegas]] shows a [[mushroom cloud]] in the background. Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s. From 1951 to 1962 the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearby [[Nevada Test Site]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NNSA-NSO-787.jpg?width=200 "This view of downtown [[Las Vegas]] shows a [[mushroom cloud]] in the background. Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s. From 1951 to 1962 the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearby [[Nevada Test Site]].")
![Over 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted in over a dozen different sites around the world. Red Russia/Soviet Union, blue France, light blue United States, violet Britain, yellow China, orange India, brown Pakistan, green North Korea and light green (territories exposed to nuclear bombs). The Black dot indicates the location of the [[Vela incident]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rael Nuclear use locations world map.png?width=200 "Over 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted in over a dozen different sites around the world. Red Russia/Soviet Union, blue France, light blue United States, violet Britain, yellow China, orange India, brown Pakistan, green North Korea and light green (territories exposed to nuclear bombs). The Black dot indicates the location of the [[Vela incident]].")
![Ukrainian]] workers use equipment provided by the U.S. [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]] to dismantle a Soviet-era missile silo. After the end of the Cold War, Ukraine and the other non-Russian, post-Soviet republics relinquished Soviet nuclear stockpiles to Russia.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SS-24 silo destruction.jpg?width=200 "Ukrainian]] workers use equipment provided by the U.S. [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]] to dismantle a Soviet-era missile silo. After the end of the Cold War, Ukraine and the other non-Russian, post-Soviet republics relinquished Soviet nuclear stockpiles to Russia.")
![A photograph of [[Sumiteru Taniguchi]]'s back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sumiteru Taniguchi back.jpg?width=200 "A photograph of [[Sumiteru Taniguchi]]'s back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer")
![The basics of the [[Teller–Ulam design]] for a hydrogen bomb: a fission bomb uses radiation to compress and heat a separate section of fusion fuel.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Teller-Ulam device 3D.svg?width=200 "The basics of the [[Teller–Ulam design]] for a hydrogen bomb: a fission bomb uses radiation to compress and heat a separate section of fusion fuel.")
![terminal]], or re-entry phase, of the [[multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle]]s](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Trident C-4 montage.jpg?width=200 "terminal]], or re-entry phase, of the [[multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle]]s")
![The [[USSR]] and United States nuclear weapon stockpiles throughout the [[Cold War]] until 2015, with a precipitous drop in total numbers following the end of the Cold War in 1991.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/US and USSR nuclear stockpiles.svg?width=200 "The [[USSR]] and United States nuclear weapon stockpiles throughout the [[Cold War]] until 2015, with a precipitous drop in total numbers following the end of the Cold War in 1991.")
![heavier lift]] Russian [[SS-18 Satan]], could contain up to ten nuclear warheads (shown in red), each of which could be aimed at a different target. A factor in the development of [[MIRV]]s was to make complete [[missile defense]] difficult for an enemy country.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/W87 MX Missile schematic.jpg?width=200 "heavier lift]] Russian [[SS-18 Satan]], could contain up to ten nuclear warheads (shown in red), each of which could be aimed at a different target. A factor in the development of [[MIRV]]s was to make complete [[missile defense]] difficult for an enemy country.")
Définition
Wikipédia
Underground nuclear testing is the test detonation of nuclear weapons that is performed underground. When the device being tested is buried at sufficient depth, the nuclear explosion may be contained, with no release of radioactive materials to the atmosphere.
The extreme heat and pressure of an underground nuclear explosion causes changes in the surrounding rock. The rock closest to the location of the test is vaporised, forming a cavity. Farther away, there are zones of crushed, cracked, and irreversibly strained rock. Following the explosion, the rock above the cavity may collapse, forming a rubble chimney. If this chimney reaches the surface, a bowl-shaped subsidence crater may form.
The first underground test took place in 1951; further tests provided information that eventually led to the signing of the Limited Test Ban Treaty in 1963, which banned all nuclear tests except for those performed underground. From then until the signing of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in 1996, most nuclear tests were performed underground, in order to prevent nuclear fallout from entering into the atmosphere.
